Topics covered in this article include:

• Introduction
• Current Limitations
• Calculation Notes
  • Calculation of R50 values from I50 values
  • Temperature-Pressure Correction:  PTP
  • Polarity and Ion Recombination Correction Factors
  • Corrected Readings
    • Photon SAD and SSD
    • Electron
  • Dose Delivered to Water at d=measurement depth (photons)
  • Dose Delivered to Water at d =dmax (Photons, SAD)
  • Dose Delivered to Water at d =dmax (Photons, SSD)
  • Reference Depth dref (electrons)
  • Gradient Effective Correction (electrons)
  • Dose Delivered to Water at d =dref (electrons)
  • Dose Delivered to Water at d = dmax (electrons)
  • Target Reading for Adjustments
• Automatic Calculation of kQ
• Automatic Calculation of k'R50
• End Notes

Introduction

The TG-51 capabilities built into the service are based on the original TG-51 document¹ and the later 2014 amendment².

The approach followed is to, as much as practical, integrate the workflow of the TG-51 forms into the familiar TotalQA workflow to minimize the learning curve for existing users.  Thus, TG-51 pre-built templates for photons (SAD and SSD) and Electrons can be scheduled for any Linac in a similar way that irregular QA templates are apple. The general workflow of completing, saving, commenting, and finalizing will be familiar to physicist users of the system.

The current focus of the TG-51 system is for photon and electron TG-51 reports using cylindrical and Farmer type chambers.

Many of our users gave generous and valuable feedback during the development of this project. Thank you. Many of your suggestions made it into the software already and rest assured that the others will guide us as we evolve the TG-51 capabilities.

Current Limitations

Parallel plate chambers are not currently supported. We do plan on adding those as we gather more test data.

The current workflow allows for working on a single energy for a given machine in a report at a time. We are looking at ways to be able to be working on multiple energies at once.

Calculation Notes

Calculation of R₅₀ values from I₅₀ values

Users may opt to enter I₅₀ values and have the corresponding R₅₀ values calculated.

R₅₀ = 1.029I₅₀ - 0.06 (cm) (for 2 ≤ I₅₀ ≤ 10 cm)

or

R₅₀ = 1.059I₅₀ - 0.37 (cm) (for I₅₀ > 10 cm)

See equations 16 and 17 in Almond et al(1999). I₅₀ values < 2 cm are not permitted.

Temperature-Pressure Correction:  P_TP

 The temperature - pressure corrections are calculated using the pressure units specified for the account.

P_TP = (T_W / 295.15°K × (Reference Pressure/ Measured Pressure) where T_W = T(℃) + 273.15

Reference Pressure Unit	Reference Pressure
mmHg	760 mmHg
hPa	1013.3 hPa
kPa	101.33 kPa

 

Polarity and Ion Recombination Correction Factors

The polarity correction (P_pol) is based on equation 9 in Almond et al(1999). The value is calculated from the average raw electrometer readings entered in nC.

 

Note that the assumption is that Mh1 is the reading corresponding to the charge collected for the reference dosimetry measurements in the clinic and which should be the same as for the chamber calibration³.

The ion recombination correction is based on equation 12 in Almond et al(1999).

Note the assumption is that the readings are in the range where P_ion < 1.05 where the linear form of the saturation curve holds⁴.

Corrected Readings

Photon SAD and SSD

The fully corrected charge reading for the ion chamber reading is based on equation 8 in Almond et al(1999) with the addition of the P_rp factor to take account of the variation of the radial dose distribution that is averaged by the detector⁵. This factor becomes important when measuring FFF fields

 

M = P_TPP_elecP_polP_rpM_raw                              

Electron

The fully corrected charge reading for the ion chamber reading is based on equation 8 in Almond et al(1999) .

 M = P_TPPionP_elecP_polM_raw 

Dose Delivered to Water at d=measurement depth (photons)

The dose delivered at the measured depth is calculated according to equation 3 in Almond et al(1999). Note that the N60CoD,w is recorded in units of cGy/nC within the system and the results of the equation are displayed in units of cGy.

DwQ at dmeasured-depth = MkQN60CoD,w

Dose Delivered to Water at d =d_max (Photons, SAD)

To calculate dose at d_max the dose at the measured depth is divided by the clinical TMR for the appropriate depth, field size, and energy entered for the Linac⁶. Note that TMR is recorded in the system as a proportion (0 to 1).

 D_w^Q at d_max = D_w^Q at d_{measured-depth} / TMR_{(depth, fieldsize)}

Dose Delivered to Water at d =d_max (Photons, SSD)

To calculate dose at d_max the dose at the measured depth is divided by the clinical percent depth dose for the appropriate depth, field size, and energy entered for the Linac⁷. Note that percentage depth dose is recorded in the system as a percentage (0 to 100%).

 D_w^Q at d_max = D_w^Q at d_{measured-depth} / (%ddR_{(depth, fieldsize)} / 100%)        

Reference Depth d_ref (electrons)

The reference depth is based on equation 18 in Almond et al. (1999).

d_ref = 0.6R₅₀ - 0.1 (cm)            

Gradient Effective Correction (electrons)

The correction for the gradient effect is based on equation 21 in Almond et al(1999).

 

Dose Delivered to Water at d =d_ref (electrons)

The dose delivered at the reference depth is based on equation 6 in Almond et al.(1999) . Note that the depth dose is recorded in units of cGy/nC within the system and the results of the equation are displayed in units of cGy.

 DwQ at dref = MPQgrk'R50kecalN60CoD,w

Dose Delivered to Water at d = d_max (electrons)

The dose at d_max is derived by dividing the dose at the reference depth by the PDD value for the field size and measurement depth and then by the MUs delivered⁸. Note that percentage depth dose is recorded in the system as a percentage.

  D_w^Q at d_max = D_w^Q at d_ref / (Clinical %dd / 100%) / MUs 

Target Reading for Adjustments

The target reading attempts to predict the electrometer reading required to achieve a dose at d_max of 1 cGy/MU.

 

Automatic Calculation of k_Q

To calculate k_Q, the method must be determined by answering a number of questions in the calculation form shown below.

The flow chart below shows the three main routes to calculating %dd(10)x. The main differentiator is the beam energy. For beams below 10 MV, electron contamination is negligible.

For photon beams at or above 10MV electron contamination becomes large enough to be considered. The recommended method to deal with the contamination is to insert a 1mm lead foil into the beam’s path.  Note that the procedure requires the lead sheet to be at approximately 30cm or 50cm from the solid water phantom’s surface and provides formulas for the %dd(10) x calculation for either case.

Alternatively, Tg-51 provides an “interim” calculation method to determine the %dd(10)x where the lead foil is not employed.

All FFF beams, regardless of energy, require lead foil in the beam path.

It is essential to remove the lead foil before doing the actual T-51 dose measurement procedure performed with an open beam that takes the electron contribution into account.

The method and calculation determination are show below. Note that you may need enlarge your browser window or change the text size if the chart is not clear.  Ctrl+ will make the text size larger and Ctrl- will make text size smaller on most operating systems.

Once %dd(10)x is determined, two alternate, established methods of calculating the final k_Q  value are used. The first method is a linear interpolation from a lookup table for each chamber of k_Q  values vs %dd(10) . The second method was introduced in the 2014 TG-51 addendum. The addendum provided curve-fit parameters for %dd(10)x between 63 and 86%.

Method 1:  Linear Interpolation from a Lookup Table²

This method uses a linear interpolation of a measured %dd(10)x to a lookup table of k_Q  for given %dd(10). 

Example: 

The user has an average electrometer reading using an Exradin A12 chamber at d_max of 20.54nC and an average reading at d=10cm of 13.64nC. 

The measured %dd(10)x = 13.64/20.54*100 = 66.41%

The nearest table values (from McEwen, 2014) are 63%(k_Q  = 0.997)  and 67%(k_Q  = 0.992)

The linear interpolation between the table values is calculated:

k_Q  = (66.41 - 63)(67-63)x (0.992-0.997) + 0.997  = 0.9927

Method 2: Calculate k_Q values from curve fit parameters²

This method uses curve-fit parameters from  Table 1 in McEwen(2014) to calculate k_Q  factors. Use equation 1 in McEwen (page 041501-4) to calculate kQ.

Example: 

The user has an average electrometer reading using an Exradin A12 chamber at Dmax of 20.54nC and an average reading at D=10cm of 13.64nC. 

The measured %dd(10)x = 13.64/20.54*100 = 66.41%

The curve fit parameters for the A12 chamber are:  A = 1.0146, B = 0.777, C= −1.666

dd = 66.41;

A = 1.0146;

B = 0.777;

C= -1.666;

k_Q = A+(1e-3)*B*dd +(1e-5)*C*dd^2

k_Q  = 0.9927

Automatic Calculation of k'R₅₀ 

The prerequisites for the calculation are: 

1. The user must be using a Farmer-like cylindrical chamber. Note there is an equation for parallel plate chambers that we will support when we bring those into Tg-51.
2. The R₅₀ value must be between >= 2cm and <= to 9cm.

Under those conditions, the factor is calculated using the equation shown below.

k'R₅₀ (cyl) = 0.9905+0.0710e^{(-R₅₀/3.67)}

End Notes

¹ Almond, P.R., Biggs, P.J., Coursey, B.M., Hanson, W.F., Huq, M.S., Nath, R. and Rogers, D.W.O. (1999), AAPM's TG‐51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high‐energy photon and electron beams. Med. Phys., 26: 1847-1870. doi:10.1118/1.598691

² McEwen M, DeWerd L, Ibbott G, et al. Addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon beams. Med Phys. 2014;41(4):041501. doi:10.1118/1.4866223

³ Almond et al.: AAPM’s TG-51 protocol: pg. 1853

⁴ Almond et al.: AAPM’s TG-51 protocol: pg. 1854

⁵ McEwen et al.: TG-51 photon addendum: Section 2:  NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

⁶ Almond et al.: AAPM’s TG-51 protocol: pg. 1858

⁷ Almond et al.: AAPM’s TG-51 protocol: pg. 1858

⁸ Almond et al.: AAPM’s TG-51 Protocol: pg 1860